Особенности использования пословиц в английском языке

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INTRODUCTION.

"To learn the customs of any people, try to learn its language first."

Pythagoras of Samos

Language is an invaluable treasure of any living being in our society. Through the use of language, the formation and perfection of man occurs. For centuries, the best samples of people's experience and human thought have been collected, the ideals of morality have been grinded and passed on to the next generation, including through a huge number of proverbs and sayings.

The definition of proverbs can be approached from several sides. On the one hand, the proverb is a unit of phraseology, stable, idiomatic, reproducible in appropriate communicative situations, on the other hand - a short and imaginative unit of folklore, viewed by researchers as a result of collective experience, the synthesis of collective thinking, the third is a specific way of linguistic representation comprehension of the world.

Proverbs and sayings, being an inalienable attribute of folk folklore, and in turn, an attribute of the culture of a given people, reflect the life of the nation to which they belong, this is the way of thinking and the character of the people. Correct and appropriate use of proverbs and sayings gives speech a unique identity and special expressiveness. Proverbs, being phraseological units with a sentence structure, are particularly difficult to translate from one language to another.

English is very rich in idiomatic expressions, proverbs and sayings that are constantly found in literature, in newspapers, in films, in radio and television broadcasts, as well as in every day communication between Englishmen, Americans, Canadians, Australians. English idiomatics, very diverse, are quite complex for those who study English. From the known languages ​​of science there are no such languages ​​in which there are absolutely no idioms, phraseological turns, proverbs and sayings. But English has bypassed everyone.

My research is devoted to the study of English proverbs as part of phraseology, as well as to the peculiarities of literate use and translation of English proverbs into Russian.

The purpose of this work: to investigate the origin of English proverbs and sayings, to elucidate the peculiarities of using proverbs in modern English.

The research tasks: study of the sources of proverbs and sayings, the study of the structural and semantic features of proverbs and sayings, the definition of their phraseological meanings, the classification of English proverbs and sayings in relation to Russians, the identification of difficulties in translating English proverbs into Russian.

Object of study: English proverbs and sayings.

The subject of the study: the features of the origin of proverbs and sayings, their classification, the features of the use of proverbs in modern English. the possibility of translating into Russian, the practical application of the rules of translation.

Hypothesis: when translating English proverbs into Russian and using them, it is always necessary to think flexibly and to find the best ways of translating to convey to the listener the true meaning of the proverb and maintain the stylistic coloring and emotional content. Communicating to the culture of the country of the studied language without knowledge and use of proverbs and sayings this language is not possible.

Methods of research:

1) analysis of scientific literature on this issue;

2) study and generalization of the experience of scientists;

3) comparative analysis of proverbs and sayings in English and Russian.

The practical importance of this work: lies in the possibility of applying the accumulated material to practice in language schools and language courses, as well as to broaden the horizon, develop better understanding and
convergence of people through a detailed introduction to the history of proverbs and sayings and their semantics. Knowledge of certain subtleties of the language, including proverbs and sayings, is one of the ways of integrating the individual into the system of world and national culture.

1. LINGUICULTUROLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE STUDY OF THE PROVERBS.

1.1 Proverbs and sayings as an object of study in linguistics

A distinctive feature of proverbs and sayings of any people is its primordially national origin, in spite of the fact that its motivational base is in many respects universal, and it can meet a certain number of facts of borrowing. Initially, the study of proverbs and sayings was considered the exclusive prerogative of historians and ethnographers, while language materials played a secondary role, served as additional arguments for determining the attribution of certain measurement names to a specific people or culture.

It must be recognized that the study of this layer of vocabulary through the prism of language and culture initially assumes a historical approach to the process of its formation and functioning not only in the distant and recent past, but also at the present stage of the development of languages.

As is known, the proverb and proverb are units of paremiology (from the Greek paremia "moralizing utterance"). Despite sufficient knowledge of the units of paremiology in linguistics, their description remains relevant, since at the present stage of the development of science there are attempts to consider proverbs and sayings from linguistic and cultural positions as stereotypes of the people's consciousness. This study of paremia allows deeper and more accurate reflection of its content aspect, trace sources, uncover the motivation, and consider the issue of background knowledge. Lingvoculturological analysis of proverbs and sayings is aimed at the identification of national and cultural specifics. As linguistic signs proverbs and sayings are considered in linguoculturology as one of the forms of fixation of culturally significant phenomena.

From proverbs and sayings, the linguistic picture of the world, which determines the perception of the world by native speakers, is largely formed. In linguistics, there are different definitions of the language picture of the world. In this article, we adopt the following definition: "The language picture of the world is the image of the entire world experience, realized through the centuries-old experience of the people, realized by the means of language nominations, the image of the whole existing as an integral and multistage world in its structure and in the connections of its parts that are understood by the language, representing, in the first person, its material and spiritual vital functions and, secondly, everything that surrounds it: space and time, a living and inanimate nature, a field of myths created by man and society."

1.2 Definition of the proverb

Proverb (Latin - proverbium, adagium, French - proverbe, German - Sprichwort, English - proverb). From the Greek name of the proverb (P.) - paroimia - there is scientific terminology: paremiology is a branch of literary criticism dealing with history and theory of P., paremiography - the record of P., collection and publication of them.

The proverb is a complex unit that is the object of study within the framework of an interdisciplinary paradigm (linguistics, folklore, psychology, ethnography, etc.).

One of the provisions that unites all the works examined is an attempt to define this language phenomenon by revealing the most characteristic features of the proverb that allow one to adequately disclose its linguistic features in a particular culture. Analysis of the definitions of the proverb allows us to distinguish four approaches to its definition:

folklore

linguistic

linguocultural

cognitive

Proverbs, as a rule, are two-part, in which one half gives an image for comparison, the other one calls the essence of the matter directly:

He laughs best who laughs last.

Those who get up early, God gives to God.

The proverb expresses a complete judgment. By saying called a short figurative saying, different from the proverb incompleteness inferences.

A similar definition can be found in all explanatory dictionaries, as well as in many special articles and studies. Proverbs are usually understood as "short sayings applied to various aspects of life, included in the circulation of colloquial speech."

A proverb is always a sentence. She pursues didactic goal (to teach, to warn, etc.).

Proverbs are often complex sentences. In the context, the proverb acts as an independent proposal or part of a complex sentence.

In the context of the proverb, semantically implemented by attaching to variable sentences. Proverbs are often implemented in a super-phrasal context.

The concept of a saying in modern folkloristics is vague, including various structural-semantic types of stable figurative combinations of words. Essentially, the only thing that unites these various combinations of words is that they are not proverbs, although the proximity of both in some cases is not to be denied.

In the English and American linguistic literature there is also no clear distinction between the proverb and the saying. This explains why the English dictionaries of proverbs also include turns of clearly non-clear proverb character.

Proverbs and sayings should be considered those statements that enjoy public popularity. Hence it follows that usually it is an old saying, because in a short time they could not become a part of public consciousness. Of course there are exceptions, and some proverbs and sayings burst into the popular consciousness with unusual speed, but one should exclude such phrases as "I could not careless" or "What's the odds?"

For a long time in the people's environment, the proverb loses all chance (both in form and content), there remains only a profound meaning gathered in an extremely short and memorable form. Folklorists rightly note that the proverb always has an extremely polished form. In proverbs, where, by definition, a deep meaning is concentrated in a single sentence, the utmost correspondence of form and content is achieved, that is, the highest degree of artistry in the sense indicated above.

1.3 The folklore specifics of the proverbial definition

Researchers folklorists consider the proverb first of all as a certain judgment, containing in a collapsed form the centuries-old experience of the people, a concentrated expression of the collective representation with respect to moral or categorical imperatives. For example, F.I. Buslaev defines proverbs as "artistic works of the native word, expressing the life of the people, its common sense and moral interests." G.L. Permyakov points out that "proverbs express a certain pattern that can be perceived as a permanent rule, a custom, a kind of recommendation for everyone". From the point of view of some folklorists, the proverb is one of the evidence of the existence of mythopoetic elements in modern languages ​.

Before the emergence of writing in proverbs, key rules of etiquette were formulated, which were one of the main sources of information about the mythological regulations.

Many modern researchers tend to believe that proverbs are valuable folklore material, they allow us to penetrate into the depth of the language symbolism and are able to generate rules of human behavior in the new realities of the surrounding world (Blagov, Nikolaev). M.V. Bukovskaya emphasizes the need for mandatory study of proverbs in the school as examples of social norms of behavior.

The definitions of the proverb given by the representatives of the folklore approach allow us to single out such basic features as nationality, imagery, brevity, edification. The proverb is viewed as the result of collective experience, the synthesis of collective thinking, the mythopoetic element, the archetype. Being an integral element of folklore.

1.4 National culture through the prism of proverbs

National culture most fully and vividly manifests itself in such units of language as words, phraseological units and language aphorisms, which include proverbs, sayings and winged expressions. It is this layer of language that directly reflects the extra-linguistic reality, calls the objects and phenomena of the world around us, fixes the content that goes back to the conditions of life of the people, the bearer of this or that language, being the mirror and the keeper of the national culture.

The components of the language aphorisms "proverbs and sayings are oral and brief sayings that go back to folklore, in a generalized form, stating the properties of people or phenomena, giving them an assessment and prescribing the mode of action."

However, referring to proverbs and sayings, it is hardly possible to dispense with the interpretation of this linguistic phenomenon by the great connoisseur and collector of the Russian word, V.I. Dal, whose definitions are the most complete, accurate and expressive. "With this notion of a proverb, we must agree that it does not compose, but is forced by force of circumstances, like a cry or a cry, involuntarily torn from the soul; they are whole sayings, shot down in one lump, in one interwine. The collection of proverbs is a collection of people's experienced wisdom and extravagance, these are groans and sighs, weeping and sobbing, joy and
grief and consolation in the faces; it is the color of the people's mind, an original statue; this worldly people's truth, a kind of judicial, not convicted by anyone. "What does not hurt, then does not cry"; that did not reach the people, did not concern his life-being, he did not stir nor the mind, nor his heart, and that in proverbs there; that is entangled, good or bad, in his life, you will find in the proverb ... Who composed it - is not known to anyone; but everyone knows it and obeys it. This work and the common property, as well as the most joy and sorrow, as experienced by a whole generation of experienced wisdom, expressed such a sentence. The composition then only becomes a proverb when it went into action, accepted and adopted by everyone."

The importance of proverbs and sayings as a country-specific language unit is difficult to overestimate. "The historian looks for proverbs and sayings about the distant antiquities and memorable events of antiquity.The lawyer values ​​proverbs and sayings as unwritten laws of the people's life.The ethnographer sees in folk sayings and meticulous definitions and characteristics the reflection of already disappeared customs and practices." The philosopher through proverbs and sayings tries to understand the system of popular thinking. "

Proverbs and sayings are an ancient genre of folk art. They arose in a long time, and go back centuries. Many of them appeared even when there was no written language. Therefore, the question of primary sources is still open. One can single out such basic sources of English proverbs and sayings: folk, literary, Biblical origin, borrowing and using Shakespeare's quotations as proverbs and sayings.

Attention is paid to those expressive means by which the persistence or memorability of proverbs and sayings is achieved. One such means is exact or assonant rhyme:

Little strokes fell great oaks.

A stitch in time saves nine.

A simple balanced form of proverbs and sayings is the most commonly used technique, for example:

More haste, less speed.

Easy come, easy go.

Like father, like son.

Brevity is an essential aspect of remembered utterances. Only very few proverbs and sayings are verbose, most of them contain no more than five words:

Boys will be boys.

Dead men tell no tales.

Better late than never.

Practice makes perfect.

1.5 Types of deformation of proverbs

The substantive part of the proverb in its living existence is determined not so much by the culturally valid meaning of the image or logical structure of a particular variant, as by the goals of the addressee and by the meaning of the situation in which the text is used. The same proverbs can be used in completely different, sometimes even mutually exclusive situations. The contingent fund consists of a set of numerous options. Variation, variability is one of the main features of the proverb.

By the criterion of sustainability / variability, we can distinguish three groups of proverbs: the most established, or traditional: All for the better, the variables: Goes mischief on the misfortune and drives the mischief, Trouble raises woes, mischief drives. and deformed (transformed), which are the subject of this work.

S.G. Ter-Minasova singled out different types of deformations of phraseological units, among them two main groups are distinguished: the components of the FU or: 1) actualize the "potential" value, i.e. appear in the "new" meaning ("meta-metaphor"), or 2) revitalize the old, original values, i.e. they are filled with the specific-lexical meaning that they have lost. The second type: deformation, which leads to the syntactical breakdown of the phraseological unit, but is not accompanied by structural breakdown, and deformation, in which both the semantics and the construction of phraseology change.

In relation to one of the types of FU, proverbs, the same types of transformations are distinguished, which were classified in the work of SG. Ter-Minasova, but apply them to purely proverbial material - deformed, or antipodes. In English they are called "anti-proverbs" or "twistedwisdom".

Analysis of the proverbs of this species allowed to carry out a structural and semantic classification and to identify the five most productive models of deformation.

The first, the most common way occurs due to the add-on, or increment, in which to the settled version in its full form is added, one more parallel judgment is added.

For example: Old age is not joy, but youth is muck; Children are the flowers of life, but let them blossom in a strange frontage; Forty-five-a woman's berry again, forty-eight-again autumn; A friend can not be bought, but it can be sold; A friend is someone who knows everything about you. And still loves; Live for a century, learn, and you'll die a fool.

Honesty is a fine jewel, but much out of fashion ; The more the merrier, the fewer the better fare; History repeats itself, the first time as tragedy, the second time — as farce; Man's home is his castle, -let him dean it; Never marry for money, you '11 borrow it cheaper; Never marry for money, but marry where money is; If you can't be good, be careful . If you can't be careful, have fun and name it after me.

The second type of deformation is characterized by cutting off the proverbial part and adding a new judgment: A friend in need is a friend indeed. A friend in need is a friend to be avoided; Virtue is its own reward. -> Vice is its own reward;

Do you want to make friends ... -> lead them away; Do not have 100 rubles, but ... - "Have 100 friends: they will always give you one each / have an impudent face / have all the enemies; Not knowing the ford, ... pass a friend ahead; Friendship is friendship, but tobacco is apart. - »Friendship friendship, but ... -» energy carriers apart / legs apart; Do not dig another pit ... -4 work less / so that he does not use it as a trench.

The third kind, the reduction of the proverb, due to the omission of some elements of the proverbial structure, may be due to the fact that either part of the proverb was simply forgotten over time, or its semantic content lost its relevance or relevance: Morning of the evening is wiser - the grass of the straw is greener; The more the merrier, the fewer the better fare; Moscow beats with a sock and does not believe in tears. (only half of these proverbs remained).

The fourth kind is the combination of two different truncated proverbs into one new one with a different, often ironic, content. The breakdown of the proverb, under which the words are replaced, generates a game character and almost always has an entertaining function. Funny semantics are created by violating the traditional canonical logic of the text. The truncated part of the proverb: “Do not spit into the well” suggests a definite imaginary ending “water will be drunk”. Replacing this ending with the second part of another proverb “The word is not a sparrow: fly out - you will not catch” creates a re-accentuation of the figurative semantics of proverbs, as a result of which it turns out. “Do not spit into the well: it will fly out - you will not catch it.” and a new comic sense arises. Often in such texts elements of proverbs are combined with modern realities: “Marry in haste, but repent at leisure.” - Marry in haste, but repent in the suburbs / in Reno” (a small town known for the ease of a divorce process); “A man is as old as he feels, and woman as old as looks. - A man is only as old as a woman he feels.”

The fifth type of deformation is performed by replacing and substituting lexical components, followed by playing consonants, punning, paronymic attraction: “There is a place like home. - There is no police like Holmes; A woman's place is in the home. - A woman's place is in the House ... and Senate; Time heals all wounds. - Time wounds all heels.”

Recognition of proverbs-sources is ensured first of all by preserving the syntactic structure, characteristic for practically all examples, as well as alliteration with the words of the source:

“Knowledge is power. - Rank is power; Too many cooks spoil the broth. - Too many clicks spoil the browse.”

When analyzing deformed proverbs, we can distinguish other features. In most cases, only one or two words are replaced, in a number of aphorisms, a comparison with the words of the source is implied, many newly formed aphorisms are based on the play of words, for example: "Where the scoop is there and the garbage." (both words are reinterpreted - scoop as utensils and slang the designation of the Soviet system and rubbish in its direct meaning and slang (militia) .The general meaning of the proverb can be preserved or changed, and the change in meaning is usually associated with the replacement of the source's key words. In the case of changing the meaning, the rejection of the stable behavioral model, expressed in the proverb, the ironic attitude of the author to the source and to the cliched speech as a whole is traced. So, in a number of works of modern English literature this tendency is looked through. “You forget that you can not teach an old dog new tricks. And now look what you've done! You've made me use an ugly, vulgar proverb.”

Proverbs are peculiar regulators of human behavior and understanding of the world and are cliched judgments that express the people's experience in relation to moral or categorical imperatives. Naturally, over time, this relationship can vary depending on the political, economic and social changes occurring in the world or within a single culture, in this case Russian or English-speaking. Cultural concepts are a category unchanged. Change only the value preferences expressed in them through proverbs and cliched expressions.

So, on the basis of a continuous sample of sources, it can be concluded that most English deformed proverbs refer to such concepts as "god", "honesty", "money", "good", "marriage"; Russian to the concepts of "money", "time" (which will be discussed below). There are not many common concepts, which is due, first, to the initial difference in the volume of the proverbial asset of each language for a certain aspect, and secondly to the change or preservation of the nation's value preferences with respect to this aspect.

2. PECULIARITIES OF USING THE PROVERBS IN THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2.1 Features of the functioning of proverbs in English

Proverbs are completely or partially reinterpreted formations that are extracted from memory in their entirety, characterized by constancy of the composition and the presence of two or more basic stresses. According to the majority of researchers, proverbs refer to one of the types of communicative phraseological units.

Proverbs structurally and thematically occupy a special place among other types of phraseological units. The first feature of the proverb is that it does not relate to the word, but to the sentence, it expresses not a concept, but a whole judgment. The inadmissible property of a proverb can be considered its edifying character. The expressiveness of proverbs is created by special artistic means: the proverbial rhythm and rhyme characteristic of the imagery.

The wide use of special expressive means in the proverb is not accidental. The proverb is a kind of oral folk poetry that causes some linguists to doubt the proverbs' affiliation to the phraseology of the language. We will not dwell on the argumentation of opponents of the phraseological nature of the proverbs, the flimsyness of which is shown by A.V. Kunin in the book "English phraseology" we refer proverbs to phraseology and after A.I. Smirnitsky believe that "proverbs ... act as units of language precisely because, because they are reproduced as a means for a more vivid expression of thoughts in the process of communication ... ".
V.V. Vinogradov refers proverbs to phraseological unity: "To the area of ​​phraseological unity there are many phraseological cliches, clichés, typical for different literary quotes and winged expressions, and folk sayings proverbs."

Proverbs of modern English language have repeatedly attracted the attention of researchers.

The most studied side of proverbs is a stylistic side, i.e. their use in artistic works to create a particular stylistic effect. Separate works analyze the semantic features of English proverbs and their structural characteristics. Recently there has been an increased interest of scientists in the problem of the national mentality and its deep links with phraseology. It is not easy to simply list all those directions and theories that have had a significant impact on the study of language communication: cultural studies, aesthetics, semiotics, cybernetics, various directions in psychology, sociology, philosophy, etc. Obviously, in modern science its interdisciplinary character has reached a higher, qualitatively new level, and this most directly relates to linguistics and its interesting section, like paremia. At the turn of the century and millennia, in the conditions of the revolutionary development of new information technologies, the world is witnessing a revision of the foundations of the organization of one of the oldest social institutions - language.

The science of language and linguistic communication belongs to the circle of humanitarian disciplines, the content of which is largely determined by the correlation of methodology, philosophy, and a whole complex of sciences that form the scientific picture of the world, which is clearly demonstrated by the history of linguistics of the last three centuries, during which the leading positions emerged as at least three paradigms: genetic, taxonomic and communicational-functional. Moreover, the transition from one dominant paradigm to another does not mean its complete replacement or complete negation, but rather is expressed in changing and changing scientific metaphors, language points, new priorities, methods and perspectives.

The purpose of the study is to distinguish from an idiomatic component of the English language such an interesting group of phraseological units as proverbs, the general semantics of which are extralinguistic in nature, they are all socially justified, dictate the stereotypical behavior of a person. Studies of phraseological microsystems require new methods of analysis. This is primarily the cognitive sphere of human behavior and its prosocial stereotyping. Language ways of expressing a person's social behavior were not the subject of close analysis in linguistics. Nevertheless, the need for such an analysis of paremia exists, since, in the phraseological composition of the English language, there is a huge number of proverbs and sayings that denote the social and normative behavior of a person. It is known that the floorboards are a value as a source of phraseological derivation, they are the basis for the new phraseological units and thus significantly enrich the vocabulary of the English language. Moreover, over time, many of them are not obsolete, they remain relevant. For example: "It is too late to lock the stable door when the horse is stolen." It occurs as "It was like closing the barn doors after the horse had been stolen" in "The Child by Tiger" by Thomas Wolf. In this proverb there is a lexical and morphological substitution. Or well known to everyone, "There is no place like home" goes into the elliptical design "No Place Like Home" in "There Are Lot Of Ways To Die" by Neil Bissondath. Proverbs are also widely used proverbs- invariants in "Timbuktu" by Paul Auster: "Habits die hard". "To kill two birds with one stone". "To teach an old dog new tricks" - with an elliptical structure. Many proverbs are so popular that they are reworked in a new way. Similarly, in a new historical section, the ambassadors can change their form, and sometimes the meaning.

2.1 The grammatical structure of proverbs in English

By nature, among the proverbs, there are narrative, motivational and interrogative sentences.

A particularly large number of proverbs - simple affirmative sentences. Subjected to them in the overwhelming majority of cases is a noun, which can occur as without definition (a cat may look at a king - "a cat can look at a king", "look at no one is forbidden"; money makes the mare go - "with money in everything can be achieved"), and with various definitions, such as the adjective, participles, numerals, etc. (bad workman quarells with his tools -" the bad master has all the tools to blame "; a creaking door hangs long on its hinges - "a squeaky tree stands for a long time"; a penny saved is a penny gained - "a penny saved is like a penny earned"; a priest pocket is not easy to fill - "you can not fill the priest's pocket"; two dogs over one bone seldom agree - "two dogs do not share one bone")

Proverbs are widely used as independent sentences, both without the addition of secondary members of the sentence, and with their additions, as well as in complex sentences. These cases can be illustrated by the example of the proverb "The proof of the pudding is in the eating."

"You must not forget that there's the Catalan Perez was decieved. The proof of the pudding is in the eating. "

"You are acting like hell ..." - "After all, the proof of the pudding is in the eating. Do you know how many curtain call I got tonight? "(W.S. Maugham)

“The proof of the pudding is in the eating.” which is a precept to trust only to absolute experience. (W.G.Smith, “The Oxford Dicctionary Of English ProverbsЭ)

They will tell you that the proof of the pudding is in the eating, and they are right. (B.Shaw)

Often proverbs have the form of simple negative sentences. As a subject in such proverbs act as pronouns (you can not flay the same ox twice, "you can not judge a tree by its bark" "one can not judge a tree by its bark"), and nouns with the definition (great barkers are no biters - "do not be afraid of the dog that barks", hungry bellies have no years "a hung-up belly has no ear"; a watched pot never boils "when you wait for time slowly"; no man can serve two masters - "no one can serve two masters") or without (plenty is no plague - "excess does not matter", "you can not spoil the porridge".)

Sometimes proverbs act as complex sentences. Proverbs that are complex sentences are dominated by complex sentences. But there is a small number of compound sentences with different parts communication.

For example:

Hope is a good breakfast, but a supper. - "hope is a good breakfast, but a bad dinner" (adversarial-concessional communication)

“The pitcher goes often to the well, but is broken at last.” (a defensively-limiting link)

“God sends meat and the devil sends cooks.” - "God sent people food and the devil cooks." (connection and investigation link)

“There is one good wife in the country and every man thinks he has her.” - "every husband thinks that his wife is better than the world." (connection-relative relationship);

“Once bit (or bitten), twice shy.” - "the frightened crow of the bush is afraid", "burned in milk, you will blow on the water" (uncomply compound sentence);

Among compound sentences, one should first of all single out a group of sentences with a subordinate clause introduced by the relative pronoun that and with the pronoun he in the function of the underlying main sentence. In such proverbs, the subordinate clause can follow the main one (he is lifeless, that is faultless, "he was not born yet a man who never makes a mistake"; he jests at scars, that never felt wounded. " was wounded ") or stand between the subject of he and the rest
members of the main sentence (he that dies, pay all debts - "death reconciles everything" ("from the dead and from the naked nothing can be repaid"); he that lies down (or sleeps) with dogs must ries up with fleas - , with fleas you will get up"(compare " with whom you are led, from that and you will be typed "); he that would eat the fruit must climb the tree as -" without labor there is no fruit ").

We find similar structural types even in the case when the subordinate clause is introduced by the relative pronoun who, the second type being much more common than the first:

He laughs the best who laughs last.

He who plays the piper calls the tune.

He who is pleased with everything, he died before he was born as "you can not please everyone";

In many proverbs of the English language, the adjective determinative pronoun pronounced by who, faces the main sentence but not the other way around:

“Who breaks, pays.” - "he has himself made porridge, himself and dissolve";

“Who was never tasted bitter, did not know what it sweet.” - "not having tasted the bitter, you do not recognize and sweet";

“Who with the wolf will learn how to howl.” ("with the wolves live on the wolf howl" ("with whom you are led from this and you will be typed").

The following conditional group consists of complex sentences with a conditional clause provided by the union if and the preceding main sentence:

“If wishes were horses, beggars might (or would) ride.” - "if mushrooms grew in their mouths";

"If you can not bite, never show your teeth -" you can not bite, do not show your teeth ";

In rare cases, the conditional subordinate sentence is after the main:

“It is easy to swim if another holds your chin” - "it's easy to swim when somebody hold you on to the chin."

Among the proverbs there are also complex sentences with subordinate clauses of time introduced by the union when, for example:

“When candles are out all cats are gray” - "all cats are gray at night"; “When guns speak it is too late to argue” - "when guns started to argue too late"

Within the relationship of simultaneity, it is also possible to use the union while, for example;

“While the grass grows the horse (or steed) starves” - "as long as the grass grows the horse starves" (compare "until the sun rises, the dew's eyes will eat")

A variety of this group are complex sentences in which the adjectives can be introduced by the pronoun what, for example;

“What is bred in the bone will not go out of the flesh” "the humpbacked grave will correct"; "Everything is secret becomes clear"; "murder will out";

"Everything secretly becomes clear"; "Murder will disappear";

Complex sentences, in which the subordinate clause and the main clause have a cause-effect relationship and are joined by the help of the unions as or so, constitute a separate group of the proverbs of the English language:

“As you sow, you shall mow” - "what you sow, you'll reap"

“As the fool thinks, so thу bell clinks” - "a fool thinks that everything will be as he pleases" (compare "the fools do not write the law")

In addition to these major groups, there are separate proverbs of different structural types, for example:

“A straw shows which way the wind blows” - "a straw shows where the wind blows"

“He dances well to whom fortune pipes” - "to whom happiness serves, he does not grieve about anything"

A special group consists of proverbs that differ in their maximum conciseness:

“A boney tongue, a heart of gall” - "on the lips of honey, and in the heart";

“In for a penny, in for a pound; no cross, no crown” - "without labor there is no fruit," "unhappiness is afraid - there is no happiness";

“One of sight, out of mind” - "out of sight out of mind"

Although these missing items can not be added to the missing members of the sentence, as it can be done in incomplete variable sentences, they are nevertheless predicative FE, semantically equivalent to the sentence. In such cases, there is no omission of any member of the proposal, but its absence.

Many proverbs were drafted in the form of incentive proposals. This is understandable, since proverbs are instructive statements. Among the proverbs - incentive proposals for the number of grammatical bases also distinguish simple and complex.

Here, to simple sentences, you can include two subgroups: proposals without negation ("let sleeping dogs lie ") - "do not wake the sleeping dog" (compare "do not wake up evil while asleep") and offers with negation (do not teach your grandmother to suck eggs - "eggs do not teach the chicken".

On the basis of the presence or absence of negation, they are divided into subgroups that are compounded (take care of the pence and the pounds will take care of themselves - "save the pence, and the pounds themselves will save themselves (compare" a penny a ruble protects "); " grasp the nettle and it won’t sting you -" the courage of the city take" and complex sentences (look before you leap -" first look and then jump "(compare " do not know the ford not be poked into the water”,"measure seven times, one cut "; when the fox preaches, take care of your geese - "when the fox is making sweet speeches, drive the geese".

Interrogative sentences among English proverbs are extremely rare.

“What can you expect from a hog but a grunt?” - "what can you expect from a pig except grunting?"

These proposals, questionable in form and in meaning, are narrative sentences. This, in particular, is confirmed by the fact that proverbs in questionable form are possible options - narrative sentences, for example proverb in narrative form. “The moon does not need the barking of dogs” is an option to the following proverb in the questionnaire form: “What does the moon care if the dogs bark at her?”

2.1 Expression of the modality on the proverbial material in English

In English we consider the use of modal verbs: can, may, must, need in proverbs and sayings. Modal verbs, unlike ordinary verbs, denote not actions, but only abstract modal values ​​of necessity, expediency, possibility, probability, and so on.

In some cases, modal verbs are also used to express various emotions: surprise, doubt, etc.

The verb can expresses: a real possibility, physical or mental ability.

The verb may express the idea of ​​the possibility, the assumption of possibility or supposition.

The verb must is used to express: 1) the obligation; 2) a large degree of probability.

All these MVS (modal verb structures) consist of combinations:

> infinitive + modal word

> participle + modal word

> the verb of conditional mood + modal word

> infinitive + modal word + auxiliary verb

> infinitive + modal word + union particle

> participle + modal word + union

> verb conditional mood + modal word + auxiliary verb

Here are some examples of proverbs to this section.

1. The devil can cite scripture for his purpose. – “Even the devil can refer to the scriptures for the sake of achieving his goal.”

2. If we can not as we would. – “If we do not know how to do it as we would like, we must do as we can.“

3. Measure the cloth. – “Measure out the cloth ten times, you can cut it only once.”

4. Never put off till tomorrow. – “Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.”

5. No living man all things can. – “No living person can do everything (that is, it is impossible to be a master of all trades).”

6. No man can serve two masters.- “ You can not serve two masters.”

7. What's done is undone. – “In a word, what's done, you can not restore it.”

8. You can not catch old birds with chaff. – “It is impossible to catch the old birds on the chaff (You can not fool a sparrow on a chaff).”

9. You can not flay the same ox twice. –“From one ox two skins are not torn.”

10. You can not judge a tree by its bark.

2.2 Difficulties in translating English proverbs into other languages

The centuries-old experience of communication between peoples speaking and writing in different languages ​​shows that a good interpreter must not only understand the meaning of the translated text, but also own the phraseological richness of the language to which the translation is made.

English has its own laws, Russian and German have their own laws. The English language has its own order of words, while the Russian language has a different order of words. In English phrase there can never be two negations, and in Russian we have just used them two: "never", "not." The English phrase would literally sound like this: "There can never be two negatives in an English phrase."

The Russian language is flexible, and it allows you to save the English word order in a phrase, but not always. The English phrase "He was not ready" literally translates as "he was not ready." This is the order of words that cuts the rumor, and we change it to "He was not ready."

Difficulties in translating English proverbs and sayings arise and have always arisen. And, considering all the peculiarities of a particular language, it is very difficult to translate what is considered part of the culture of one people to another language. For example, the English proverb: “The pot calls the kettle black.” The literal translation of this proverb sounds like this: “The pot calls this kettle black”

If for Englishmen the sense of the proverb is understandable, then for the Russian people this proverb seems to be something new, so the meaning is not always fully revealed. So, in order for the Russian to understand what the English wanted to say by proverb, we should look for the Russian equivalent: “Anyone’s cow may moo, but yours should keep quite” This option is more understandable and closer to the Russian people. But if you translate it again into English, you get the same translation. “Anyone’s cow may moo, but yours should keep quite”

But here is another example of the difficulty of translation:

Once upon a time, John Lennon came across a catalog selling firearms. Witty John immediately introduced a woman instead of advertising a pistol, and it seemed like a good love song called “Happiness Is A Warn Gun".”When I hold you in my palm, when I feel my finger on your clasp (trigger can be translated and as a "trigger," and as a "clasp"), then I know that no one will do me any harm ... “.And this song is not about a gun, as one presenter of the radio station "B-A" translated: "Happiness is a warm gun." And he added from himself: "You see, what a stupid song. For someone, happiness is to shoot out of a warm gun ... ".

Here are the difficulties encountered on the path of an interpreter when he translates English proverbs.

So, now, based on an analysis of all the above difficulties of translation and FU features, we can formulate the basic rules for translating phraseological units.

1. An optimal translation solution is undoubtedly the search for an identical FU. However, it should be recognized that the number of such correspondences in English and Russian is extremely limited.

2. In the absence of direct correspondences, the phraseology used in the original language can be translated using a similar phraseological unit, although it will be constructed on a different verbal basis. It should also be taken into account that stylistic or emotional coloring does not always coincide. In this case, the interchange

3. Word-by-word translation, is sometimes permissible, although this method is not always effective. It is interesting that sometimes translators manage to introduce a new FE into the language of translation and even culture. Most often this way is applicable to phraseological units that have biblical, ancient or mythological sources.

4. When translating texts of cultural and historical themes, we apply the calculating along with the explanation in the most concise way possible. This kind of translation is called double, or parallel is not possible.

5. If there are no phraseological units in the language of translation that are more or less equivalent to the original phraseological unit, it is necessary to search for words corresponding in meaning and color, so-called single-word partial equivalents of phraseological units.

When translating the FU from one language to another, it is recommended to use the most complete explanatory phraseological bilingual dictionaries.

The dictionary is supplied with pointers in Russian and another languages ​​- a list of paremiological units located along semantic (thematic) groups.Such a comparative analysis is a necessary prerequisite for in-depth study of the English language. Between these, essentially inherent tasks, there is much in common, but there are also differences. What is common to them is that they deal mainly with the content side of the language. When translating, the task is to accurately convey the content expressed in one language by means of another language, to master the ability to understand and convey the proverbial content in the native language and vice versa. Adjusting the similarity or difference of semantic, shades, concluded in proverbial sayings in two or three languages, gives the student of English very substantial help.

To solve the practical problems of learning English, the authors used various features inherent in proverbs and sayings. For example, consonance and rhyme:

grasp all, lose all, every country has its customs; love is mother of love; one man no man; meakness is not weakness; like mother, like child; no news good news etc.

Thanks to the imagery inherent in proverbs and sayings, rhythmic patterns, they are easily remembered and can be used as illustrations in the study of various aspects of the English language for a wide variety of purposes.

1. For the formulation and improvement of the pronunciation:

a) monophthongs, diphthongs: the belly has no ears; great boast, small roast, every country has its customs; abversity is a good discipline; grasp all, lose all; great barkers are no biters; as you make your bed, so you must lie on it;

b) specific sounds, characteristical only for the English language:

[Ө] — like author, like book; [Ә:] — a burnt child dreads the fire: [Q:] — the beggar may sing before; caution is the parent of Ihe thief; [A] — well begun is half done; [U:]— true blue will never stain; [h]— half a loaf is better than no bread;

2. When studying grammatical material:

a) the degrees of comparison of adjectives: the chain is no stronger than its weakest; cheapest is the dearest

b) numerals: once bit; twice shy; one chick keeps a hen busy; first come, first served.

3. For illustration of word-building elements, for example, conversion: butter to butter is no relish.

4. For better understanding of the lexical and phraseological material studied, for example, words and expressions: let the dead bury the dead; despair gives courage to a coward; two blacks do not make a white; a black hen lays a white egg.

5. When studying educational topics, for example, "Health": every heart knows its, bitterness; hope deferred makes the heart sick; no herb will cure love; good health is above wealth; "Work": easier said than done; saying and doing are two things; early start makes easy stages a stitch in time sans nine; all workand play makes Jack a dull, boy; as the workman so is the work; no pains, no gains; "The people": do in Rome as the Romans do; the voice of the Cod and so on.

In order to use proverbs and sayings in the teaching of pronunciation, oral speech, and also to consolidate the material traversed, a series of exercises with assignments is necessary. For example: Explain the meaning of the following proverbs:

he, who is born a fool is never cured; the best friends must part;

How would you interpret the meanings of the following proverbs and sayings? “Friends may meet but mountains never", „Не that would eat the fruit must climb the tree".

Supplement these proverbs and sayings: diamond cut (diamond); a friend in need is a (friend endeed); God sends meat and the devil (sends cooks); enough is as good as (a feast);

Students using these imaginative sayings, penetrate deeper into the meaning of folk wisdom. The expressive form of proverbs promotes their rapid memorization, which facilitates the development of grammatical turns encountered in them. Comparison of two identical phrases in different languages ​​makes it possible to conduct a dialogue on a variety of topics. The profound content of these short statements not only develops the thinking of a student or student, but also has an important educational significance. The large semantic range of proverbs and sayings makes it possible to apply them in work not only with students and students, but also with those who have decided to independently learn English.

CONCLUSION.

Proverbs are part of the culture of any people, always remained and remain relevant, despite the development of the economy and technology, despite progress, etc. At any time proverbs will be a characteristic feature of this people, an object of attention and research.

The analysis of the work showed that some proverbial formations traditionally represented in dictionaries and reference books as variants of larger units, in fact are quite independent utterances.

Proverbs are kept in the tongue of bit of folk wisdom. They reflect the history and outlook of the people who created them, their traditions, customs and customs, common sense and humor.

In English, there are hundreds of proverbs and sayings. They were created by many generations of people, developed and perfected over the centuries. The study showed that proverbs and aphorisms are effective and imaginative means of expressing the worldview of English speakers. The proverb contains a practical, philosophical and creative view of the world, which makes it a valuable instrument of cognition. If culture is the habitat of the human mind, then the proverb is the result of a deep cultural self-awareness.

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