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Perfect Tenses

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Introduction

In addition to the three main tenses of present, past, and future, the English language allows us to make three statements about accomplished facts. We use one of the three perfect tenses to show an action that has taken place as of the present time or is continuing in the present time (present perfect tense), that had taken place as of a past time (past perfect tense), or that will have taken place as of a future time (future perfect tense).

Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense is used to express an event that started in the past and the impact of the event is now continuing (or a long-running event that started in the past and is still going on). This tense is used to express actions completed recent past. In this tense, it is important whether the event occurred or not. (or the result of the event is important, not the time of the event ) The Present Perfect Tense is formed by putting “to have” (have or has) before the past participle of the verb.

Affirmative Sentence (+) : Subject ( I, YOU, WE, YOU, THEY ) + HAVE + V3 ( third form of main verb – past participle )

Subject ( HE, SHE, IT ) + HAS + V3 ( third form of main verb – past participle )

Negative Sentence (-) : Subject ( I, YOU, WE, YOU, THEY ) + HAVE + NOT + V3 ( third form of main verb – past participle )

Subject ( HE, SHE, IT ) + HAS + NOT + V3 ( third form of main verb – past participle )

Interrogative Sentence (?) : HAVE + Subject ( I, YOU, WE, YOU, THEY ) + V3 ( third form of main verb – past participle )

HAS + Subject ( HE, SHE, IT ) + V3 (third form of main verb – past participle)

COMMON TENSE MARKERS:

Already
Yet
Ever
Never
Just
Since
For
Before
In my life
So far
Up until now
First time, two, three, severeal times, etc

EXAMPLES:

I have already prepared breakfast.
My sister has cleaned the room.
Has the post come yet?
It has rained a lot lately.
I haven’t seen Susan since Sunday.
She has watched this movie several times.
He has saved $20.000.000 up until now.

Use Of Present Perfect Tense

Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action that happened at an unspecified time in the past and the impact of the event is now continuing.

EXAMPLES:

She has lost her wallet ( She can’t find it )
We can’t reach Paul by phone. Have you seen him?
Tom isn’t at school. I think he has gone to the theater.
My sister has broken her arm. Her arm is still broken.

Present Perfect Tense is used to express an action that ended recently. We often use words like “just” or “recently” for the events taking place a very short time before now.

EXAMPLES:

I have just finished my project.
My mother has just cleaned the house.
We have recently eaten dinner.

Present Perfect Tense is used to talk about unfinished actions or states or habits that started in the past and continue to the present. In such sentences, it is emphasized that how long the action has continued. So we usually use ‘since’ or ‘for’ to express “how long”. We often use stative verbs / non-continuous verbs / mixed verbs in such sentences).

EXAMPLES:

The student has studied maths for three months.
I have lived in Paris for five years.
My son has been sick since Monday.
He has worked in Berlin since he graduated from the university.
She haven’t been calm since the accident.
Teachers have thought this subject for hours.
They have had many cars since I can remember.

Present Perfect Tense is used to express repeated actions in an unspecified time between the past and now.

EXAMPLES:

We have watched that movie three times.
I have seen David several times.
She have had six exams so far this semester.
They have called him four times this month.

Present Perfect Tense is used when we talk about life experiences.

EXAMPLES:

I have been to England in my life.
Have you ever eaten Sushi before?
We have never tried to invent something new.

Present Perfect Tense is used when we talk about accomplishments.

My father has spoken five languages.
Scientists have found a new way to get cancer cells to self-destruct.
Man has walked on the Moon.

Present Perfect Tense is used when we talk about changes that has occurred over periods of time.

EXAMPLES:

Our English has improved a lot when we moved to England.
Her behavior and attitudes have changed a lot since you last saw her.
I have become more interested in medical issues.

Past Perfect Tense

The past perfect tense is for talking about something that happened before something else. The past perfect just emphasizes that the first action was completed before the second action.

Affirmative Sentence (+) : Subject + HAD ( auxilary verb- have ) + V3 (third form of main verb – past participle)

Negative Sentence (-) : Subject + HAD (auxilary verb- have ) + NOT + V3 ( third form of main verb – past participle)

Interrogative Sentence (?) :HAD (auxilary verb- have ) + Subject + V3 (third form of main verb – past participle)

EXAMPLES:

When I return home, she had already left.
I went there after I had completed the task.
She hadn’t come late to the school before.
My father and mother had been married for two years when I was born.
Until Linda went to England, he had never spoken English.
My son told me that he hadn’t been able to make such a beautiful picture before.

COMMON TENSE MARKERS:

Already
After
Before
When
by the time

Using Of Past Perfect Tense:

Past Perfect Tense is used to express the past action, already finished when another past action happened.

EXAMPLES:

I had made a decision before you called me.
When she arrived, the bus had already left.
My mother had written three books before she died.
He had just escaped when the police came.
After the film had started, we arrived.
I had never seen a lion before I went to Africa.

It is used for the past action that started in the past and continued (or done several times) up to a given time in the past.

EXAMPLES:

The police had warned those people many times before. (the action was completed)
I had never seen him for 5 days. But I saw him yesterday. (the action was completed)
We had had the house for 20 years before the earthquake. (the action was completed)
When her husband died, they had been married for 30 years. (the action was completed)
I had always believed that life was very strange. (the action was completed)
They had owned this car for ten years before they sold it. (the action was completed)

It is used to talk about unreal or imaginary things, wishes in the past. (with If (Conditional) Sentences – Type 3)

EXAMPLES:

If I had heard the question, I would have given you the answer.
If I had had some money, I could have bought him nice shoes.
If you had asked me, I could have helped you.
I wish I had been there.
We wish we hadn’t eaten so much.
If you had loved me a little, I would have done everything for you.

Past Perfect Tense is used in reported speech after verbs like said, told, asked. etc.

EXAMPLES:

He told us he had visited Paris twice before. (He told ‘ I have visited Paris twice before’)
She said she had swum. (She said ‘ she swam’)
Jackson asked the singer when he had sung his first song. (Jackson asked the singer ‘When did you sing your first song?)
The students said they had had a very easy exam. (They said ‘ We had a very easy exam.’)
My teacher greeted me and said she had never seen me for 3 days. (The teacher said ‘Hello Sam! I have never seen you for 3 days.’)
He said he had trusted her very much.

Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense is used to express an action, expected to be completed before a certain time in the future.

Affirmative Sentence (+) : Subject + WILL + HAVE + V3 (third form of main verb – past participle)

Negative Sentence (-) : Subject + WILL + NOT + HAVE + V3 (third form of main verb – past participle)

Interrogative Sentence (?) : WILL + Subject + HAVE + V3 (third form of main verb – past participle)

EXAMPLES:

When my father comes home, my mother will have read me a story.
Susan will have been ready by the time I get home.
The plane will have landed by that time.
Tom will not ( won’t ) have received enough score by the summer.
They’ll have relaxed by night.
Will you have graduated from the university before I graduate?

Using Of Future Perfect Tense

Future Perfect Tense is used to express an action, which will have finished or completed before a certain (or specific) time in the future.

EXAMPLES:

You will have graduated from high school by July.
By 5 o’clock, I will have finished my work.
They will have sent an email until tomorrow.
People’s lives will have changed by ten years.
We will have arrived in China by the next week.
The concert will have started by 20 minutes.

It is used to express an action, which will have finished or completed before another action in the future.

EXAMPLES:

She will have cooked dinner by the time we arrive.
I will have seen him before the police comes.
By the time Alice reads this, John will have gone to London.
The children will have slept by the time we arrive at home.
By the time he gets home, the exam will have finished.

It is used to express an action which began before and will continue up until another action in the future. (Duration in the future with Non-Continuous-Verbs)

EXAMPLES:

They will have been in California for 10 years by the time they retired.
By the next week, we will have been married for 20 years.

Conclusion

The Perfect tenses in English are formed with a form of the auxiliary verb "have" and the past participle. They express the idea of something having been done before a given point in time.

Perfect tenses generally express an event prior to the main event. There is a connection between the prior event and a later time or later event. This can be a time connection for total time between the two events and/or time. For example, when someone says, "I have lived in New York for two years", the first event was when the person moved to New York.

The second point of time is the present. We are looking at total time between when I first moved until now. The perfect tense can have a cause effect relationship between the first event and a later time. For example, if I ask, "Have you had lunch?" I am connecting a possible earlier event (ate lunch) with now. I am really asking if the person would like lunch now. It can also include all possible events between the two points of time. For example, if someone asks, "Have you ever been to Tokyo?", all possible trips to Tokyo could be included between when the person was born (the first event) and now. Another person might say, "Yes, I have been to Tokyo at least four times."

Bibliography

ENGBLOG – Present Perfect Tense – [электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://engblog.ru/present-perfect – (11.11.2020).
YOUR DICTIONARY – Present Perfect Tense – [электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://examples.yourdictionary.com/present-perfect-tense-examples.html – (11.11.2020).
ENGLISHSTUDYPAGE.COM – Present Perfect Tense – [электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://englishstudypage.com/grammar/present-perfect-tense– (11.11.2020).
ENGLISHSTUDYPAGE.COM – Past Perfect Tense – [электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://englishstudypage.com/grammar/past-perfect-tense – (11.11.2020).
ENGLISHSTUDYPAGE.COM – Future Perfect Tense – [электронный ресурс] – Режим доступа: https://englishstudypage.com/grammar/future-perfect-continuous-tense/ (11.11.2020).