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Elizabeth Ndongo. Видо-временные формы группы Perfect (значение, образование, употребление). Сравнение времен: настоящего перфектного и прошедшего неопределенного

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Introduction

A perfect is a form of a verb that expresses the fact that the result or consequence of a situation that occurred in the past is preserved at the time of speech. In the linguistic literature, the main semantic component of the perfect-meaning for the moment of speech-is expressed by the concept of "current relevance".

So, for example, the English perfect in the sentence John has heard about it" John heard about it " provides information, first, that at some point in the past there was a situation John heard about it "John heard about it"; and second, that this fact is important for the characteristics of John at the time of speech.

Unlike the simple past tense (preterite), the perfect cannot be used to describe irrelevant events. In contrast to the aorist, it cannot be used for narration of sequential events. Unlike the result (the door is open), the perfect does not imply any material result in the present, but can be used even if only indirect, pragmatic, etc. consequences are preserved (it seems that the door was opened).

Perfect exists in many languages of the Northern and southern areas of Europe, as well as in almost all other parts of the world. It is often expressed using the analytical construction "to be/have" + participle.

Basic values of the perfect

The main component of the perfect value is the significance of the situation that took place in the past, at the present moment. At the same time, following Bernard Comrie, it is customary in the literature to distinguish several more specific perfect values, in particular:

result perfect (effective perfect), in which the current state of Affairs is considered as the result of a certain situation that occurred in the past. Thus, the difference in meaning between the two sentences John has arrived and John arrived ‘John has arrived ' is that the first one emphasizes the presence of the result of the action, that is, the fact that John is still here, while the second one does not.

The described effective value of the perfect is the main, Central, but not the only one. The perfect forms actually attested in the world's languages usually turn out to have already evolved to some extent from the "reference" perfect towards other semantic zones. These "secondary" perfect values include:

experimental perfect, which, in contrast to the effective perfect, does not indicate the presence of a specific result of an action at the time of speech, but the presence of the subject's experience (single or multiple) of performing an action that is relevant for its characteristics at the moment.

The term "perfect" in a narrow and broad sense

The term "perfect" can be used in two ways — in a narrow and broad sense. When used in a narrow sense, we are talking about a form in which the content somehow combines the plan of the present and the plan of the pre-present, that is, the past, correlated with the present (John has heard about it). When using the term "perfect" in a broad sense, we are talking about a perfect discharge as a whole, that is, a group of forms of different times that combine in their content any subsequent time plan (present, past or future) with another time plan preceding it. Thus, in a broad sense, perfect encompasses, for example, both plusquamperfect and forms like futurum exactum.

So, for example, in English, the perfect indicator (the auxiliary verb have in combination with the past participle) expresses perfect in a narrow sense only in forms with the present of the auxiliary verb (such as He has written a letter ‘He wrote a letter’). In addition, perfect in a broad sense also includes forms of perfect in the future, as in He will have written a letter ‘He will already write a letter (at a certain point in the future)’ and in the past, as in He had written a letter ‘He has already written a letter (by a certain point in the past)’.

Tenses of the Perfect group (formation, meaning, hint words)

Formation of the Perfect group

Each tense uses the auxiliary verb have (has — for she, he, it), which is not translated and does not carry a semantic load. This is just an assistant that must be included in the offer. In Past, the second form is used: had, and in Future it is formed by a combination of will / shall + have.

But the meaning of the action is transmitted by a predicate (verb), which takes the form V3 or Ved. You don't have to guess when and what to put. Everything is elementary simple. English verbs can be correct or incorrect. The second ones are collected in a table, where all their forms are presented. If you don't find the right word there, then feel free to add the ending ed.

For each time, there are formulas that are mandatory to remember.

Present Perfect	Past Perfect	Future Perfect
*Утвердительное предложение*
have/ has + V₃(V_ed)	had + V₃(V_ed)	will have + V₃(V_ed)
I have enjoyed	I had enjoyed	I will have enjoyed
She has enjoed	She had enjoed	She will have enjoed
We have enjoyed	We had enjoyed	We will have enjoyed
*Отрицательное предложение*
have/ has + not + V₃(V_ed)	had + not + V₃(V_ed)	will + not + have + V₃(V_ed)
I have not enjoyed	I had not enjoyed	I will not have enjoyed
She has not enjoed	She had not enjoed	She will not have enjoed
We have not enjoyed	We had not enjoyed	We will not have enjoyed
*Вопросительное предложение*
Have/ Has + S + V₃(V_ed)	Had + S + V₃(V_ed)	Will + S + have + V₃(V_ed)
Have I enjoyed?	Had I enjoyed?	Will I have enjoyed?
Has she enjoyed?	Had she enjoyed?	Will she have enjoyed?
Have we enjoyed?	Had we enjoyed?	Will we have enjoyed?

Since the auxiliary verb performs only a grammatical function, it can be shortened so as not to pile up the sentence:

I have = I’ve, She has = she’s, he had = he’d, we will = we’ll

have not = haven’t, has not = hasn’t, will not = won’t

Meaning

Present Perfect and Past Perfect, as well as Future Perfect, are all used to describe an action that has already ended at a certain point in the present, past, or future.

Present Perfect "being in the present, looks into the past", as if reminding about an action that has already been performed, which is interesting for further conversation. In other words, this time we emphasize what is relevant now, what caused the events of the present.

Jim has lost his ticket. So he can’t fly with us.

We have only recieved two letters from him since he came back.

Past Perfect also describes past events that ended at a certain point in the past. This may be the time, for example, by 5 o'clock, or another event: "The child woke up before the guests came" — first the child woke up (Past Perfect), and then they came — Past Simple. It is important to note that the order is not emphasized here, but on the contrary, the chronological order is violated: "I went out and remembered that I left the books at home" - left and will be Past Perfect.

I had finished the cleaning before he returned.

The bus hadn’t arrived by 6 o’clock.

Future Perfect also shows completed events, but in the future. Like Past Perfect, it can end by a specific event or time tomorrow, next week or month: "Tomorrow at 5 o'clock the child will Wake up" or "before the guests come, the child will Wake up".

We will have translated the article before the teacher comes.

The plane will have flown away by the time we get to the airport.

Hint words

Future Perfect, Past Perfect, and Present Perfect are almost always accompanied by markers, signal words that help you find out these times in context.

For the present tense: already, just, lately, ever, never, still, yet, this morning, today, resently, since, for.

To the past tense: by .., before, after.

For future time: by .., before, after.

The differences between Present Perfect and Past Simple (Past Indefinite)

Present Perfect	Past Simple (Past Indefinite)
1. Always assumes that there is a connection between the past and present tense. (used to Express an action that began in the past and continues to the present) Example: He has worked at a plant for 4 years. (for four years, he still works there)	1. If we are talking only about the past tense. (this time form is used to Express an action that started and ended in the past) Example: He worked at a plant for 4 years.. (he doesn't work at the factory now)
2. An action performed in the past is connected with the present time by its result. Example:I’ve bought a new house. (I have a new home now)	2. An action performed in the past, as a result of its completion, has nothing to do with the present. Example: They lived in London from 2006 to 2008.
3. An action that lasted for an indefinite period of time in the past up to the present, for example: ever, never, recently. Example: Have you ever played football?	3. If we are talking about a past moment or time period, for example: last month/year/ week, yesterday, 2 years ago, the Past Simple form is always used. Example: I played football yesterday. When did they arrive?
4. If the time of the action is not specified in everyday speech, use Past Perfect. Example:“Have you ever been to Italy?” “Yes, I went there in 2005.”	4. If the time of the action is specified during everyday speech, use Past Simple. Example: I’ve read that book for 2 days. I enjoyed it very much. (when I read it)
5. Use of words and expressions such as today, this year, this if the specified time period has not ended. Example: I’ve repaired her car this morning. (it's still morning)	5. Use of words and expressions such as today, this year, this morning, if the specified time period has ended. Example: I repaired her car this morning. (it may be lunchtime or evening)

Present Perfect

Past Simple (Past Indefinite)

1. Always assumes that there is a connection between the past and present tense. (used to Express an action that began in the past and continues to the present)

Example: He has worked at a plant for 4 years. (for four years, he still works there)

1. If we are talking only about the past tense. (this time form is used to Express an action that started and ended in the past)

Example: He worked at a plant for 4 years.. (he doesn't work at the factory now)

2. An action performed in the past is connected with the present time by its result.

Example:I’ve bought a new house. (I have a new home now)

2. An action performed in the past, as a result of its completion, has nothing to do with the present.

Example: They lived in London from 2006 to 2008.

3. An action that lasted for an indefinite period of time in the past up to the present, for example: ever, never, recently.

Example: Have you ever played football?

3. If we are talking about a past moment or time period, for example: last month/year/ week, yesterday, 2 years ago, the Past Simple form is always used.

Example: I played football yesterday.
When did they arrive?

4. If the time of the action is not specified in everyday speech, use Past Perfect.

Example:“Have you ever been to Italy?” “Yes, I went there in 2005.”

4. If the time of the action is specified during everyday speech, use Past Simple.

Example: I’ve read that book for 2 days. I enjoyed it very much. (when I read it)

5. Use of words and expressions such as today, this year, this if the specified time period has not ended.

Example: I’ve repaired her car this morning. (it's still morning)

5. Use of words and expressions such as today, this year, this morning, if the specified time period has ended.

Example: I repaired her car this morning. (it may be lunchtime or evening)

List of Internet sources used

Руководство: ВекипедиЯ свободная экциклопедия. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Перфект (дата обращения: 11.11.2020)
Руководство: ВекипедиЯ свободная экциклопедия. URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Перфект#Основные_значения_перфекта (дата обращения: 11.11.2020)
Руководство: ВекипедиЯ свободная экциклопедия URL: https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Перфект#Термин_«перфект»_в_узком_и_широком_смысле (дата обращения: 11.11.2020)
Руководство: Изучение английского языка самостоятельно и бесплатно. URL: http://azenglish.ru/vremena-gruppyi-perfect/ (дата обращения: 11.11.2020)
Руководство: АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК. Изучение английского онлайн. Английская грамматика. URL: http://englishstyle.net/grammar/verb/present-perfect-and-past-simple/ (дата обращения: 11.11.2020)