Romantism as a literary current came into being at the end of the 18th centur

Page 46, answers

– Romantism as a literary current came into being at the end of the 18^th century. It’s the literal stream, of the 1^st quarter of 19^th century. It’s a bright and optimistic genre, which has as a goal to show all the best qualities of a man in the best tunes.
– Romantic writers center their attention upon the wealth of the inner life of a man.
– I know such romantists as Charlotte Bronte (“Wuthering heights” )for example, Voinich and her famous “”, Virginia Wolf, Jane Osteen, Emily Redcliff (she wrote as I remember gothic romans) and Agatha Christy and her detective romances.
– Shelley’s entire life and art were devoted to struggle against oppression and tyranny.
– He was disliked by his teachers at Elton College for his independent thinking.
– Shelley’s masterpiece is the lyric drama “Prometheus Unbound”. According to Greek myths, Prometheus stole fire from Olympus for the people to use it. For this he was punished by Zeus who chained him to the rock.
– John Keats was the poet of junior Generation of English romantists. When he was 23, he wrote the most glorious poems and unfortunately, he died at the age of 25 on the 23^rd of February 1821 in Rome, Italy.

Page 53, answers

– George Byron was born in 1788. Belonged to an old aristocratic family. He spent his childhood in Scotland, Aberdeen. In 1808 graduated from Cambridge University.
– He enjoyed great fame in his life-time. Being extremely popular among common people, he was hated by his own class of aristocrats.
– It was hard , because his class of aristocrats distasted him and when Byron revealed his love to liberty, aristocrats made his life in his motherland unbearable. His unhappy marriage added to it.
– He joined the movement of national liberation.
– The national poet of Greece, Dionysios Solomon, wrote a poem about the unexpected loss, named To the Death of Lord Byron. Βύρων ("Veyron"), the Greek form of "Byron", continues in popularity as a masculine name in Greece, and a town near Athens is called Vyronas in his honor. Byron's body was embalmed, but the Greeks wanted some part of their hero to stay with them. According to some sources, his heart remained at Missolonghi.His other remains were sent to England (accompanied by his faithful manservant, "Tita") for burial in Westminster Abbey, but the Abbey refused for reason of "questionable morality". Huge crowds viewed his coffin as he lay in state for two days in London. He is buried at the Church of St. Mary Magdalene in Hucknall, Nottinghamshire. A marble slab given by the King of Greece is laid directly above Byron's grave. His daughter, Ada Lovelace, was later buried beside him.
– “Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage” was created as a result of Byron’s travel over the world.
– “The prisoner of Chillon” was written after visiting Swiitzland. There Byron went to the old Castle of Chillon. He heard the story of Francois Bonnivard, a Swiss hero who in the 15^th century had fought for the freedom of his country and had been together with his brother.
– Lermontov loved Byron’s poems and made wonderful translations of some of them. Pushkin paid tribute to him in his poem “To the Sea”. Belinsky wrote: “To solve the mystery of the gloomy poetry of so immense, colossal poet as Byron one should 1^st search for the secret og the epoch he expressed”.
– “Don Juan” was written in the years 1818-1823. The poem opens with scenes from the hero’s childhood in the aristocratic Spanish family.

Page 63, answers

– Dickens was born in the family of poor clerk at Portsmouth. When he was 9 his family went to London. His the most famous work is book about Oliver Twist.
–Oliver Twist; or, the Parish Boy’s Progress; The Adventures of Oliver Twist — the 2^nd Charles Dickens’s novel. Also it’s the 1^st English novel, where the main character is a child. Was first published as a serial 1837–39. The story is of the orphan Oliver Twist, who starts his life in a workhouse and is then sold into apprenticeship with an undertaker. He escapes from there and travels to London, where he meets the Artful Dodger, a member of a gang of juvenile pickpockets led by the elderly criminal, Fagin. In this early example of the social novel, Dickens satirizes the hypocrisies of his time, including child labor, the recruitment of children as criminals, and the presence of street children. The novel may have been inspired by the story of Robert Blincoe, an orphan whose account of working as a child laborer in a cotton mill was widely read in the 1830s. It is likely that Dickens's own youthful experiences contributed as well.
– The Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (also known as The Pickwick Papers) was Charles Dickens's first and personal favorite novel. He was asked to contribute to the project as an up-and-coming writer following the success of Sketches by Broz, published in 1836 (most of Dickens' novels were issued in shilling installments before being published as complete volumes). Dickens (still writing under the pseudonym of Boz) increasingly took over the unsuccessful monthly publication after the original illustrator Robert Seymour had committed suicide.
– We can get this information from the extract: “… Nickolas Nickleby was a young man who lived with his mother and sister. After the death of Nickolas’s father the family had no money and their life was very hard…” , “…Not far from him, on a bench, sat a very small boy. He sat quite still, with his hands on his knees, and from time to time looked at Mr.Squeers with fear in his eyes…”.
–We can get this information also from the extract: “…His appearance was not pleasant. He had only one eye, his face was wrinkled and cruel…”.
– “… you see, I have married their mother…it’s expensive to keep boys at home and pay their teachers…so, I decided to put them into some far-away school where there’re no holidays...” and he obliged the guys to write their mom once in the year and lie that everything is fine and they’re so “happy”.
– Because they wanted the boys suffer, but the guys had used to everything…
– Some of the characters in this novel are liberated and live happily ever after. Social class and the systems of justice and religion seem to have created. And some other people aren’t able to escape this “labyrinth”…Oliver fought for his interests and wills. (I’ll write more in my essay)

Page 67, answers

– William Makepeace Thackeray was born India; after his father’s death he was brought to England and put to school in London. His vocation was writing and when he went to Cambridge he didn’t stay there long. First he earned his living as a journalist, then began to publish books. His greatest work is “Vanity Fair” (1847-1848).
– “snob” is a person who fawns upon his social superior and looks down upon the contempt upon his inferiors.
– Fancy an old, stumpy, short, vulgar, and very dirty man in old clothe, and shabby old gaiters, who smokes a horrid pipe, and cooks his own horrid supper in a saucepan…
– It’s a novel, which is actual every time and everywhere. It’s a story about the society, which is full of aristocrats and their feasts, views on life. Modern management distastes the women activity.
–I think there’re 2 main characters in this story. They’re : Becky Sharp and Amelia Sedley:

Becky Sharp – is a poor orphan of low birth, Becky Sharp is a born hustler and almost sociopathic striver who manages to raise herself to the upper limits of high society and wealth, only to see her achievements crumble under the weight of her bad deeds. Evil temptress or misunderstood woman ahead of her time? You be the judge.

Amelia Sedley – a soft, passive young woman, Amelia Sedley is born into wealth, comfort, and the protective arms of practically anyone who comes into contact with her. Married to an undeserving man who dies in combat, she remains loyal to his memory and unable to give herself to another, instead choosing to lavish all of her affection on her son.

Page 79, answers

– Oscar Fingal O’Flahertie Will Wilde was born in Dublin in 1854. He was the son of brilliant poetess and a surgeon.
– he was author of 4 plays: “Lady Windermere’s Fan”, “A Woman of No Importance”, “An ideal husband” and “The importance of being Earnest”. Also he was the author of the novel “The Picture of Dorian Gray”. Wild didn’t raise social problems in his works.
– An Ideal Husband opens during a dinner party at the home of Sir Robert Chiltern in London's fashionable Grosvenor Square. Sir Robert, a prestigious member of the House of Commons, and his wife, Lady Gertrude Chiltern, are hosting a gathering that includes his friend Lord Goring, a dandified bachelor and close friend to the Chilterns, his sister Mabel Chiltern, and other genteel guests.

During the party, Mrs. Cheveley, an enemy of Lady Chiltern's from their school days, attempts to blackmail Sir Robert into supporting a fraudulent scheme to build a canal in Argentina. Apparently, Mrs. Cheveley's dead mentor, Baron Arnheim, convinced the young Sir Robert many years ago to sell him a Cabinet secret, a secret that suggested he buy stocks in the Suez Canal three days before the British government announced its purchase. Sir Robert made his fortune with that illicit money, and Mrs. Cheveley has the letter to prove his crime. Fearing both the ruin of career and marriage, Sir Robert submits to her demands.

When Mrs. Cheveley pointedly informs Lady Chiltern of Sir Robert's change of heart regarding the canal scheme, the morally inflexible Lady, unaware of both her husband's past and the blackmail plot, insists that Sir Robert renege on his promise. For Lady Chiltern, their marriage is predicated on her having an "ideal husband"—that is, a model spouse in both private and public life that she can worship: thus Sir Robert must remain unimpeachable in all his decisions. Sir Robert complies with the lady's wishes and apparently seals his doom. Also toward the end of Act I, Mabel and Lord Goring come upon a diamond brooch that Lord Goring gave someone many years ago. Goring takes the brooch and asks that Mabel inform him if anyone comes to retrieve it.

In the second act, which also takes place at Sir Robert's house, Lord Goring urges Sir Robert to fight Mrs. Cheveley and admit his guilt to his wife. He also reveals that he and Mrs. Cheveley were formerly engaged. After finishing his conversation with Sir Robert, Goring engages in flirtatious banter with Mabel. He also takes Lady Chiltern aside and obliquely urges her to be less morally inflexible and more forgiving. Once Goring leaves, Mrs. Cheveley appears, unexpected, in search of a brooch she lost the previous evening. Incensed at Sir Robert's reneging on his promise, she ultimately exposes Sir Robert to his wife once they are both in the room. Unable to accept a Sir Robert now unmasked, Lady Chiltern then denounces her husband and refuses to forgive him.

In the third act, set in Lord Goring's home, Goring receives a pink letter from Lady Chiltern asking for his help, a letter that might be read as a compromising love note. Just as Goring receives this note, however, his father, Lord Caversham, drops in and demands to know when his son will marry. A visit from Sir Robert, who seeks further counsel from Goring, follows. Meanwhile, Mrs. Cheveley arrives unexpectedly and, misrecognized by the butler as the woman Goring awaits, is ushered into Lord Goring's drawing room. While she waits, she finds Lady Chiltern's letter. Ultimately, Sir Robert discovers Mrs. Cheveley in the drawing room and, convinced of an affair between these two former loves, angrily storms out of the house.

When she and Lord Goring confront each other, Mrs. Cheveley makes a proposal: claiming to still love Goring from their early days of courtship, she offers to exchange Sir Robert's letter for her old beau's hand in marriage. Lord Goring declines, accusing her of defiling love by reducing courtship to a vulgar transaction and ruining the Chilterns' marriage. He then springs his trap. Removing the diamond brooch from his desk drawer, he binds it to Cheveley's wrist with a hidden device. Goring then reveals how the item came into her possession: apparently Mrs. Cheveley stole it from his cousin years ago. To avoid arrest, Cheveley must trade the incriminating letter for her release from the bejeweled handcuff. After Goring obtains and burns the letter, however, Mrs. Cheveley steals Lady Chiltern's note from his desk. Vengefully she plans to send it to Sir Robert misconstrued as a love letter addressed to the dandified lord. Mrs. Cheveley exits the house in triumph.

The final act, which returns to Grosvenor Square, resolves the many plot complications sketched above with a decidedly happy ending. Lord Goring proposes to and is accepted by Mabel. Lord Caversham informs his son that Sir Robert has denounced the Argentine canal scheme before the House. Lady Chiltern then appears, and Lord Goring informs her that Sir Robert's letter has been destroyed but that Mrs. Cheveley has stolen her letter and plans to use it to destroy her marriage. At that moment, Sir Robert enters while reading Lady Chiltern's letter, but he has mistaken it for a letter of forgiveness written for him. The two reconcile. The ever-upright Lady Chiltern then attempts to drive Sir Robert to renounce his career in politics, but Lord Goring dissuades her from doing so. When Sir Robert refuses Lord Goring his sister's hand in marriage, still believing he has taken up with Mrs. Cheveley, Lady Chiltern is forced to explain last night's events and the true nature of the letter. Sir Robert relents, and Lord Goring and Mabel are permitted to wed.

– Indeed, so devoted was the rich Miller to little Hans, that he’d never go by his garden without picking some beautiful flowers, or filling his pockets with plumps and cherries if it was the fruit season.
– “…For when people are in trouble, it is better to live them alone and not to bother them…”. I’m not fully agree with Miller…. No….Actually, if you friend is in trouble, it’d be better if you help her/him if you need this person indeed. But sometimes, people want to stay alone for a few minutes and cry…. Then, listen to your friend and give him a piece of advice, cheer him up and even give a small present to make your cobber to smile =)
– He wanted to help his friends if they were in trouble unlikely his nasty daddy…
– He didn’t have money for food and food at all. He sold them in a way to survive.
– He carried all the Miller’s flour to the store and then he was obliged to save Miller’s son.
– His son had fallen from the ladder and hurt his leg seriously.

e 88, answers

–It was great acquainted with Chekhov’s and Maupassant’s works.
– Of course his masterpiece is “The Forsyte Saga”
– His works reveal the author’s great knowledge og man’s real inner world. He penetrates into the subtlest windings of the human heart.
– He paid attention to Forsytes’s family life.
– All the characters were from rich aristocrats, they were self-confident, they had love, they hated, they had every human feelings, but they weren’t as aristocrats in other author’s novels. Because they could feel love, understand and could worry about each others.
– he, if I’m not mistaking nearly retails and tells the short contents of his book and explains what it’s about. He prepares the readers to reading this Saga.
– He was unhappy there and didn’t feel, that he was loved there…
–“…He couldn’t get used to thought that she had really left him, and as though still searching for some message, some reason, some reading of all the mystery of his married life, he began opening every recess and drawer…”
– why his wife was unhappy with him…

Page 94, answers

–George Bernard Shaw was born in Dublin, in a well-to-do family.
– His mother was a singer with a VERY beautiful voice. Father who was a petty official.
– At the age of 15, Shawn was put into a job as a clerk in a land agent’s office. The world around him was alarming and bewildering. He was no longer a personality, but a small machine tool – the fact which young Shaw couldn’t put up with. It was mostly self-education that helped Shaw to become a well-educated person.
– He wanted to try his luck as a journalist.
– A strong influence was exercised on Shawn by the Fabian Society. Shaw started his literary career as a novelist.
– He was writing plays for almost 50 years and created about 50 of them, also a lot of articles, critical essays and pamphlets.
– During the 1^st World War Shaw raised his voice against militarism and denounced the war.
– The art for him was the means for participation in the social struggle.
– “Major Barbara” is 1 of the dramatist’s bitterly satirical plays. It was written in a period of growing social unrest, just when the English working class were becoming increasingly militant.

10 ) – If you're in need of some belly laughs, Major Barbara will not disappoint—Lady Britomart and her one-liners alone make this 1907 play by George Bernard Shaw a howler and a half (and the other characters aren't too shabby, either).

The sheer number of giggles the play induces is pretty impressive, especially when you consider the subject matter. The premise is that a family's financial difficulties have forced the matriarch, Lady Brit, to get in touch with her estranged arms-dealer husband (whom she thinks is really immoral) and ask him for money. This involves inviting him to the family home for the first time in a good long while—he hasn't seen the kids since they were babies. Talk about a deadbeat dad.

Financial problems? Family arguments about morals and values? That probably sounds pretty boring, at best (and unpleasant/uncomfortable, at worst), but fear not—the family drama and massive disagreements about what constitutes right and wrong lead to plenty of hilarity, and some great, humorous dialogue among all the family members.

11) – Not really. He just knew the difference right and wrong.

12) – I think he was a pleasant guy. He knew philosophy of life and wasn’t greedy, he was really smart and also his character wasn’t nasty and haughty.

Page 98, answers

– The main works by Wells are: “The War of the Worlds”, “The time Machine”, “The Invisible Man”, “The first man on the moon”.
– The Invisible Man is a science fiction novella by H. G. Wells. Originally serialized in Pearson's Weekly in 1897, it was published as a novel the same year. The Invisible Man of the title is Griffin, a scientist who has devoted himself to research into optics and invents a way to change a body's refractive index to that of air so that it neither absorbs nor reflects light and thus becomes invisible. He successfully carries out this procedure on himself, but fails in his attempt to reverse it.

While its predecessors, The Time Machine and The Island of Doctor Moreau, were written using first-person narrators, Wells adopts a third-person objective point of view in The Invisible Man.

– Bloody, struggling with; Germans behind him, Germans before him, and no hope for quarter (it’s very and very bad when the enemies surround you EVERYWHERE!!!!!!! It’s awful =((( ); despair, hopeless, broke, nightmare effect, battle,

“Write about the fate of Oliver Twist”

~`~`~***~`~`~`

I suppose everyone knows the Dickens’s book about a smart and freedom-loving guy – “The adventures of Oliver Twist”. Personally I was admired with the fate of this boy and his character – it’s amazing and deserves respect.

Some of the characters in this novel are liberated and live happily ever after. Social class and the systems of justice and religion seem to have created. And some other people aren’t able to escape this “labyrinth”…Why is that? Certain characters seem to give up their free will at certain points under the pressure of dump society and to abandon themselves to a kind of bizarre fatalism.

The emphasis on fate in Oliver Twist seems to undermine the Dickens‘s idea of showing how external influences can simply turn people into criminals, How much free will does anyone have… And sometimes it seems that everyone is just nearly, if it’s possible to say, “trapped” in the systems of social class and religion. They also unable to do any independent choice because of fear of punishment or anger and distasting of the social class…Sometimes it seems that people have no their opinion and want to be the way that others want… I think it’s dump and useless.

Oliver was brave enough to prove and protect his interests, wills and that he isn’t going to be like others want… .