Answers to the questions pages 132-182

Answers to the questions pages 132-182

Page 134

1. – The discovery of America was made in 16^th century, on the 12^th of October 1492.
2. – In search of a shorter and safe trade route from Europe to Asia, Christopher Columbus landed on some island near Cuba in 1492, which he mistook for India. Later, Amerigo Vespucci explored that coast and the new continent came to be called AMERICA after the name of its undoubted discoverer.
3. – Spain, Holland, France and England colonized the country.
4. – At the beginning of the 17^th century the colonists started bringing convicts from the prisons of Europe as labour and also Negroes from Africa. The Colonists did it in the way to make the prisoners and Negroes slaves.
5. – Benjamin Franklin was the 1^st greatest American Enlightener. He attended school only for one year and educated himself by reading (he learned reading and writing very early).
6. – In 1733 Franklin decided to start a periodical. Using the pen-name of Richard Sounders he began the issue “Poor Richard’s Almanac”.
7. – in 1751 his experiments on atmospheric electricity which brought him world-wide fame and became his contribution to science.
8. – Benjamin Franklin attended school only for a year and educated himself by reading books. Also he started his own periodical in 1733 and did his experiments on atmospheric electricity which brought him world-wide fame and became his contribution to science. He wrote his “Autobiography” during his later years which was published only after his death and became widely read.

Page 136

1. – An American writer once said that the short story was the national form of American literature.
2. – Because the aim of American magazines is to amuse.
3. – The most famous writers of American Romanticism are: Washington Irvin, Fennimore Cooper and of course Edgar Alan Poe. (p.s.: The lead singer of gothic rock music group H.I.M Ville Vallo loves Poe’s books very mush and Edgar is the most favorite writer of the musician…)
4. – The most characteristic feature for the romanticism is that it played the important role in cultural life of the American people. Also it shows the perfection of the humanity and all tender feelings of the writers’ to theirs countries.
5. – Because they loved their country and admitted the importance of developing the national literature and the national history.

As I can remind, they were talking about how they loved their motherland, people and every single thing, which was connected with their countries in their stories.

Page 143

1. – Washington Irving was as much a writer of the age of Reason as of Romantism. He never surrendered his cheerful criticism and his romance is at the same time a satirical pamphlet.
2. – the 1^st period: was after his a 2-year travelling abroad and returning to the USA!=) Here he writes “Salmagundi”.

– The 2^nd period: The following 17 year Washington travels and works all over the European countries. Here he writes “Knickerbocker”.

– the 3^rd period: After the 17-year trip to the Europe he returned to America wishing to portray his country again. Here, in 1833, he writes “The tour of the Prairies”. These periods are important because exactly in these 3 period Irvin Washington writes his best masterpieces.

1. – The American tradition of short story writing Irvin started with the story “The Adventure of my Aunt”.
2. – such social ideas as love to freedom, that American short stories were the national form of American literature.
3. – Irvin Washington’s life was really interesting. He travelled a lot and got huge amounts of the knowledge. He was a very educated person. Also he became the “Father of American literature”. He wrote an enormous amount of the wide world reading short stories, which are popular also nay!!! Everybody knows this wonderful author.
4. – I love Irvin Washington’s books. He wrote very interesting books, which are very simple for understanding and reading. Also, he didn’t pour water like did Leo Tolstoy. In my opinion, “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” is the best work by Irvin.
5. – His aunt was fat, “a very manly woman” and his uncle was very thing with no will at all. (It’s really fun, isn’t it?!)
6. – She was upset because of the death of her darling precious husband!
7. – She moved to Derbyshire where she had a big country house.
8. – She was sitting at the toilet-table and started becoming insane. She thought her husband was in the house, but it were only tricks of her mind, which started because she was missing him and loved him very much. Also when he was alive she tried to do all her best to make him happy indeed.
9. – No, she wasn’t “… she was a very brave woman…”
10. – They drag out a thief, whom caught the aunt in her country house.
11. – She ordered the servants to draw the man through the horse-pond in order to wash away his crimes, and then to dry him well with a woolen “towel”.
12. – The aunt was a fat woman “a very manly woman” and his uncle was very thing with no will at all. She tried to do all the best things she could in a way to make him happy and after his death she moved to a country house she had. She was sitting at the toilet-table and started becoming insane. She thought her husband was in the house, but it were only tricks of her mind, which started because she was missing him and loved him very much. Also when he was alive she tried to do all her best to make him happy indeed. One day she was sitting at the toilet-table and started becoming insane. She thought her husband was in the house, but it were only tricks of her mind, which started because she was missing him and loved him very much. Also when he was alive she tried to do all her best to make him happy indeed. They drag out a thief, whom caught the aunt in her country house. She ordered the servants to draw the man through the horse-pond in order to wash away his crimes, and then to dry him well with a woolen “towel”.

Page 148

1. – He was born in 1789 in New Jersey.
2. – Cooper entered The Yale University in 13-year-old age. In the 3^rd year of educating he failed the exams and was exceled.
3. – He lived in Coopers town.
4. – In 1826 Cooper travelled to Europe. It was later his father’s death.
5. – The main characters of Fennimore Cooper’s books’ were the Indians.
6. – Cooper is well-known for these masterpieces: “The last of the Mohicans” (1826), “The Pioneers”(1823), “The Prairie” (1827), “The Pathfinder” (1840), and “The Deer slayer” (1841).
7. – “… The Indian is wise though nature has made him with a red skin!..”.
8. – The Indian told a guy the story of his life and family.
9. – Yes, of course. He asked the Indian everything about his family and asked not to stop his story. He listened to the Indian carefully, with a great joy indeed.

Page 154

1. – Edgar Alan Poe an outstanding romantic poet, romancer, a short-story writer. He’s famous for his wonderful books and works.
2. – He was born in Boston, in 1809. His parents were second-rate actors and were very poor. After a few years of disappearing Allan’s father was never heard of again. In 1811, while acting in Richmond, his mother died… . The homeless guy was brought up by a childless family.
3. – From 1815 to 1820 Poe lived with his new parents in Scotland and England. There he attended a fine-classical preparatory school. In the U.S.A Edgar studied at the University of Virginia for a year. Then, after a year at the University, Mr. Allan took the boy from it and wanted Poe to become a clerk in his tobacco shop, but Edgar ran away and went to Boston.
4. – In Boston he published his 1^st volume of poetry, not a single copy was sold! His disappointment and poverty forced him to enlist the army. In this life he succeeded better than he himself had expected. But very soon he couldn’t stand army life any longer. When he arrived to Richmond, Mrs. Allan had died. There Mr. Allan signed the obligation that the young man would serve for 5 years. His 2^nd volume of poems passed unnoticed.
5. – The awful illness of his wife did it. (the young 24-year-old Virginia)
6. – Edgar Allan Poe was a great writer and poet. In my opinion, exactly these masterpieces made him famous and brought him the world-glory: “The Raven”, “The black Cat”, “The gold-bug”, “The tell-tale heart”, “The tales of the Macabre” and lots of other books.
7. – Because if you want to hide smth well, don’t hide it and if u wannas smth 2 be a secret – then, don’t make it a secret!!!
8. – The Letter was replaced on the one, which was not so important in its content.

Page 159

1. – He continued the traditions of absolutism… . Also the family traditions of heroism had a great influence on the writer.
2. – Longfellow was born in the little town of Portland ON THE Atlantic coast in 1807.
3. – He was told many times about heroic deeds of his grandfather in the War of Independence.
4. – In Europe he studied foreign languages. At the age of 16 he entered the Bowdoin College.
5. – He started writing in the age of 16, in the Bowdoin College. His 1^st book of verses and stories.
6. – His masterpiece was written in 1842 and it was the book of verses called “Poems on Slavery”.
7. – “…By the end of life he had won the recognition all over the world. Many Universities awarded him the honorary degrees… He was also elected to membership by the Spanish, British and French Academies of Sciences…”
8. – “The Song of Hiawatha” was dedicated to a brave Indian by name Hiawatha who prayed for his people’ better life, who killed an awful Mondamin… .
9. – don’t judge the book by its cover, if its ugly and not beautiful it may be interesting indeed… .

Page 162

1. –The Critical Realism as a trend in American literature reached the full development after the Civil War. The new type of humans relationships, the deep going changes in humans’ lives compelled the writers to see a man as a product of his environment, to deal with actual facts and realities.
2. – the most brilliant examples of the Realism showed Jack London, Theodor Raiser, Frank Norris and Twain. The great poet Walt Whitman was America’s 1^st critical realist.
3. – The great poet Walt Whitman was America’s 1^st critical realist. He understood that his education was very poor and read, learned history and tried to write every free minute. He wrote a lot: poems, newspaper articles and short-stories.
4. – The poet distasted the slavery and of course wanted to free all the Negro slaves and Whitman supported him also!!!
5. – He served the northern army and then he became the realist, ‘cos the Great Civil War changed his attitude to lots of things.
6. – He wrote in a way, that was typically American. He new America and American People better, that anyone had known them ever.

Page 168

1. – He was born in 1835. His dad was a small-town lawyer. Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30, 1835 – April 21, 1910), better known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American writer, entrepreneur, publisher and lecturer. Among his novels are The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876) and its sequel, Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), the latter often called "The Great American Novel".

Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. After an apprenticeship with a printer, Twain worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brother, Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.

Though Twain earned a great deal of money from his writings and lectures, he invested in ventures that lost a great deal of money, notably the Paige Compositor, a mechanical typesetter, which failed because of its complexity and imprecision. In the wake of these financial setbacks, he filed for protection from his creditors via bankruptcy, and with the help of Henry Huddleston Rogers eventually overcame his financial troubles. Twain chose to pay all his pre-bankruptcy creditors in full, though he had no legal responsibility to do so.

Twain was born shortly after a visit by Halley's Comet, and he predicted that he would "go out with it", too. He died the day after the comet returned. He was lauded as the "greatest American humorist of his age", and William Faulkner called Twain "the father of American literature".

1. – Twain was raised in Hannibal, Missouri, which later provided the setting for Tom Sawyer and Huckleberry Finn. After an apprenticeship with a printer, Twain worked as a typesetter and contributed articles to the newspaper of his older brother, Orion Clemens. He later became a riverboat pilot on the Mississippi River before heading west to join Orion in Nevada. He referred humorously to his lack of success at mining, turning to journalism for the Virginia City Territorial Enterprise. In 1865, his humorous story "The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County" was published, based on a story he heard at Angels Hotel in Angels Camp, California, where he had spent some time as a miner. The short story brought international attention, and was even translated into classic Greek. His wit and satire, in prose and in speech, earned praise from critics and peers, and he was a friend to presidents, artists, industrialists, and European royalty.
2. – Everyone likes his books because he wrote easy for understanding, with interesting plots stories. All of his stories are kind and have good endings.
3. – So….. To be honest, I think he understood.
4. – He told that they were cool, cute and nice guys. They all were chilly, life-loving, friendly and interesting and also very good and such friends, whom u can easily trust and depend on – they won’t betray and will protest u. he loved them very much.
5. – Francois Miller saved him and his French cobber from the starvation… .
6. – Because he was poor and was not more popular as Smith and his friends were.
7. – Because he thought that everyone was against them and won’t give them credit until they pay all the debts they were able to pay… .
8. – Maybe because he thought that his paintings weren’t masterpieces and excuse me 4 this awful words – he thought his pictures were kind of bulls*** and dump things or rubbish. Also he might to have a desire to get more money for them (when he would sell them, he wanted to sell them for a bigger price)… .
9. – They had a need for money, ‘cos they thought as I understood that their paintings will bring them an enormous glory and hills of money… . And it could be more than enough to pay over all the debts and then they would have an opportunity to get a credit… .
10. –They sold pictures after Miller’s death… .
11. – To be honest, I think the beginning of the end of the story “starts” when their friendship shifts on smth like “money relations”. When they didn’t work as a team, as ants would advise! =)
12. – A) – Anderson has a similar story and I don’t remind its name… . It tells about a bird who lived in a cage at the boy’s home, but the boy didn’t pay attention to it at all. The birdy started to get bored and cheered herself up with singing sons. One day she started starve and dead, and when the stupid boy came back and saw the bird he started to cry and suffer much.

Then he and his friends started the burring ceremony and spent lots of money on it. People all the time spend cash on coffins and burying ceremonies more money, then the normal living creature could spend on good, normal and trouble less lives.

b) – I think it’d be nearly the same. Anderson has a similar story and I don’t remind its name… . It tells about a bird who lived in a cage at the boy’s home, but the boy didn’t pay attention to it at all. The birdy started to get bored and cheered herself up with singing sons. One day she started starve and dead, and when the stupid boy came back and saw the bird he started to cry and suffer much. Then , he and his friends started the burring ceremony and spent lots of money on it. People all the time spend cash on coffins and burying ceremonies more money, then the normal living creature could spend on good, normal and trouble less lives.

Page 173

1. – He’s one of the most famous short-story writers of our century. His real name was William Sydney Porter. He’s best known book was called “Witches’ Loaves” and “Cabbages and Kings”.
2. – He was born in Greensboro, North California, in the family of a doctor, in 1862. The boy was brought by his aunt, because his mom unfortunately died when he was small(((((((((
3. – The boy was brought by his aunt, because his mom unfortunately died when he was small(((((((((
4. – A work of a clerk in his uncle’s chemist shop.
5. – He wanted to get some money for a present for his daughter.
6. – He wrote about ordinary American people and their lives in big cities and funny accidents in their daily lives.
7. – If it’s possible to say, she was a kind of prosperous women with 200 000 pounds in the bank and a kind heart, who could easily fall in love like all little girls may do nay.
8. – He bought bread.
9. – She saw red and brown stains on his fingers.
10. – She put a huge piece of butter among bread loaves.
11. – Because of her butter, the plan of a new city hall was spoiled.
12. – A) – once upon a time I worked in my bakery shop and I met a cute thin guy, who bought only bread and was very and very thin. I liked him very much. I thought he was a poor artist because of the red and brown stains on his fingers. Once I wanted to help him and just put just a piece of butter into his bread. But he wasn’t happy and yelled at me… . Then I understood he was a daughter, not an artist.

b) – I came to the bakery shop of this nasty, stupid old hag to buy some bread. She thought I was a poor artist!!!!!!!!! Then, when I came again to buy some bread, she decided “to help” me!!! Ha-ha-ha!!! The old hag put into my bread nasty fat butter … and… SHE AND HER NASTY BUTTER SPOILED MY WORKS – THE PLAN OF THE NEW CITY HALL!!!!!!!!!!!!! I DISTASTE HER, HER BREAD, HER BAKERY AND ALL B U T T E R !!!!!!!!!

Page 181

1. – Jack London was born in 1876, in San-Francisco, California. His family was very poor. His childhood was the hungriest years in his life.
2. – In 13-year-old age he finished the grammar school and then continued working as a news-paper boy. Then, because of a lack of the work he went to the army of unemployed. Then he started to write.
3. – In 13-year-old age he finished the grammar school and then continued working as a news-paper boy. He also read a lot and even finished the university.
4. – It brought him enough money to devote himself into the literature.
5. – His lifetime in Alaska, which brought him a glory, and “made” his way into the literature “The son of the wolf” and “Daughter of the snows”.
6. – because he felt in love in this girl
7. – No, he didn’t get anything well enough to understand the books, but after having read and educating himself he started to understand>>> .
8. – About Swinburne and his life and duty of the writer; about love and feelings, then, also she asked Martin where he (Marten Eden) got all of the scars on his arms – on all his body.
9. – Because he thought it was a great shame to use slang every single time. (anyway it’s not a shame to my mind, but education is a cool thing)
10. – His views on life changed well, he stopped using swear words and his speech became more polite and also pleasant. His spirit became rich and soul became beautiful. Also Martin Eden became very smart, as Shakespeare was.
11. – once upon a time the strong will of describing the world’s beauty for Ruth and others came into his mind and he started to write. I think he was also inspired by Shakespeare’s books.
12. – He wrote everything – poetry and prose, novels and romances – every genre.
13. – He decided to start writing when he came back from his voyage… .

“The creative impulse”

To be honest, I love English writers more than Russian. They write more interesting and I like the way they write. Even Stephen King, to my mind, is further more better than Danzova… . But now, I’d like to lead my speech about another story. Yes, I suppose u guessed what the story it’s gonna be – “The Creative Impulse” by Somerset Moeme.

In my opinion, it’s a very smart, interesting and kind story. First of all, I was thinking that it’s just another story of a “high” society. Then, after having this story read, I saw that the author just laughs at wealth society, their behavior and everything, which is going on. It’s a story about that u should live your own life with your own way and don’t watch others and what is more, don’t try to live their lives!!!

Here the speech is about the problem of relationships between men and women – the family couples. Moem also wanted to highlight that we’re very different and when we live lives of other people, it’s REALLY DUMP AND HAS SO MUCH FUN!!!

Moeme can write even a short story as a masterpiece!!! Read him, u will enjoy his books, 100%!!!!